Technological breakthroughs have advanced the fields of urology, radiology, and minimally invasive surgery. Today, the various imaging modalities are increasingly applied to guiding therapy. Among the procedures now in use or under development are percutaneous cyst drainage or sclerotherapy; tissue ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound, cold, heat, or photon radiation; and conformal radiation and brachytherapy. As current limitations are overcome, image-guided therapy will expand.
