Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common chronic diseases with significant symptoms and impact on the quality of life. Surgery is indicated when appropriate medical treatment fails. A review of the clinical presentations of rhinosinusitis is presented, as well as an overview of current medical and surgical treatment options. Although external approaches are still mandated in some selected instances, endoscopic sinus surgery has become the standard for surgical treatment of sinonasal pathologies, by aiming at restoring the physiological functions of the nasal and paranasal cavities. This technique presents numerous advantages with a minimally invasive approach, better visualization of structures, camera magnification of the surgical field, and allows thorough exploration of difficult-to-reach areas. The risks and complications of endoscopic sinus surgery are well identified and may be reduced significantly by the adjunct use of computer-assisted image guidance and intraoperative fluoroscopy. Surgical simulation also is a promising tool to help reduce surgical errors and improve surgeon training in the future.
