Association between muscle health and patient-reported outcomes after lumbar microdiscectomy: early results.

Overview

abstract

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Poor muscle health has been implicated as a source of back pain among patients with lumbar spine pathology. Recently, a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based lumbar muscle health grade was shown to correlate with health-related quality of life scores. However, the impact of muscle health on postoperative functional outcomes following spine surgery remains to be investigated. PURPOSE: To determine whether muscle health grade measured by preoperative psoas and paralumbar muscle cross-sectional areas impact the achievement of minimal clinically important difference (MCID) following lumbar microdiscectomy. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Consecutive patients who underwent 1-level lumbar microdiscectomy in a single institution between 2017 and 2021. OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of MCID achievement, time to MCID achievement, PROMs including Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale for back pain (VAS back), VAS leg, Short Form 12 Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS), SF-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS), and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF). METHODS: Two previously validated methods for muscle health grading were applied. Axial T2 MRI were analyzed for muscle measurements. The psoas-based method utilized the normalized total psoas area (NTPA), which is the psoas cross-sectional area divided by the square of patient height (mm²/m²). Patients were divided into low and high NTPA groups based on sex-specific lowest quartile NTPA thresholds. The paralumbar-based method incorporated the paralumbar cross-sectional area normalized by body mass index (PL-CSA/BMI) and Goutallier classification. Score of 1 was added for either PL-CSA/BMI >130 or Goutallier class of ≤2. "Good" muscle health was defined as score of 2, and "poor" muscle health was defined as score of 0 to 1. Prospectively collected PROMs were analyzed at 2-week, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year postoperative timepoints. The rate of and time to MCID achievement were compared among the cohorts. Bivariate analyses were performed to assess for correlations between psoas/paralumbar cross-sectional areas and change in PROM scores from baseline. RESULTS: The total cohort included 163 patients with minimum follow-up of 6 months and mean follow-up of 16.5 months. 40 patients (24.5%) were categorized into the low NTPA group, and 55 patients (33.7%) were categorized into the poor paralumbar muscle group. Low NTPA was associated with older age, lower BMI, and greater frequencies of Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥1. Poor paralumbar muscle health was associated with older age, female sex, higher BMI, and CCI ≥1. There were no differences in rates of MCID achievement for any PROMs between low versus high NTPA groups or between poor versus good paralumbar groups. Low NTPA was associated with longer time to MCID achievement for ODI, VAS back, VAS leg, and SF-12 MCS. Poor paralumbar muscle health was associated with longer time to MCID achievement for VAS back, VAS leg, and SF-12 PCS. NTPA negatively correlated with change in VAS back (6-week, 12-week) and VAS leg (6-month). PL-CSA/BMI positively correlated with change in PROMIS-PF at 3 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy, patients with worse muscle health grades achieved MCID at similar rates but required longer time to achieve MCID. Lower NTPA was weakly correlated with larger improvements in pain scores. PL-CSA/BMI positively correlated with change in PROMIS-PF. Our findings suggest that with regards to functional outcomes, patients with worse muscle health may take longer to recuperate postoperatively compared to those with better muscle health.